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Current Iodine Deficiency Disorder Situation
Population
Population: 145.0 million
Population growth rate: -0.33%
Population < 15 years: 16.7%
Birth rate: 9.7 per 1000
Life expectancy at birth: 67.5 years
Infant mortality: 19.8 per 1000
Prevalence of Goiter/ UIE
goiter rate of 10-50% by ultrasound, Median urinary iodine: 25-95 mcg/L
Iodized salt Coverage
Household iodized salt use: 12-28%
Status: Mild to moderate deficiency, no national program, some recent progress with iodized salt. source: August 2002 IDD Newsletter 18(3):37
Salt Situation Analysis Production
There are four major producers (300,000-1,500,000 tons) and several small ones (< 50,000 tons). Up to 20% of edible salt is imported, mainly from Ukraine and Belarus (imports of iodized salt from Ukraine increased by 123% in the first eight months of 2002, and by another 155% in 2001). In Russia , the production of iodized salt increased from 10,000 tons in 1997 to 120,000 tons in 2001. Up to 40,000 tons of iodized salt are imported. The quality and packaging of salt has significantly improved over past years.
Consumption
No national data on household consumption; regional surveys estimate from 12% in rural areas to 28% in urban ones.
Iodine Procurement and Utilization
Salt is iodized with KIO3 at 40 ± 15 ppm.. KI is permitted but not used.
Universal Salt Iodization Program
Information, Education, Communication (IEC) Activities
A national conference, October 2002, included salt producers and distributors and representatives of government ministries, academia, and NGO's. The attendees appealed to the government to adopt a national regulatory document to advance USI as the main method for eradicating IDD by 2005. It also organized a public council to coordinate joint efforts towards IDD elimination.
Legislation
A government decree (1999) requires purchase of iodized salt by several government agencies (Defense, Interior, Justice, etc.); and by health system, but implementation is poor.
Legislation on IDD prevention requiring USI is pending.
Russia , with the other 11 countries of the CIS, in May 2001 pledged a coordinated policy on prevention of IDD, harmonization and uniform requirements for iodized salt, and development of systems for IDD monitoring.
Program Monitoring and Evaluation
Ministry of Health is responsible; no specific control program. A quality control system for iodized salt has been established. Biological monitoring with urinary iodine is in place in eight regional laboratories. Ultrasound has also been used for measuring thyroid volume.
Other Interventions
Iodized oil was administered to about 500,000 in the Chernobyl area orally. Iodized tablets have been used in some regions. Alternative iodized source (milk, bread) have been aggressively promoted, and fortification and food supplements with iodocasein.
Key Lessons Learned
Challenges and Constraints
Future Plans for Sustained IDD Elimination
Sources:
IDD NL 18(3):33, 2002
IDD NL 17(3):46, 2001
IDD NL 17(4), 58, 2001
IDD NL 15(4):59-62, 1999
IDD NL 8(1):1, 1992
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